1
2 
  -2023
..  

( -I: - )
:      : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.            ,  
      
2.      ,      
-
3.   ?        
4.      ?        
-
5.     ?           
    
2
2 
6.   ?    
-
7.                

8.       -      
  -2023
..  

( -I: - )
:      : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.            ,  
      
: 󷆫󷆪         
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 -
3
2 

                   
?    ?          
               18
        -     -  
   
             ,  
'  
󷆤󷆥󷆦󷆧󷆨󷆩    
󹵅󹵆󹵇󹵈     
   -  4.6   -   ,   ,   ,   
           ,      ,  
       ,     
         
🌪    
   ,   -     ,      - 
     ( ) -           
  ,     (         
      )
  ,          ,     ,
       
󼽁󼽂   
    ,             , 
  ,      -   -  
󼭳󼭴󼭵󼭶   ,  
,           ,    
 -              
-         '     ,   
-        -    
,       ,          
    
4
2 
󼨐󼨑󼨒     



        

         


      ,       
 
 
      -   

       -  
󷃆󼽢      
  18
         
,   
                
:
1.    
         (   '     )
         
            ,       
2.  
  (  ,   )       
  (    )       
     
           -  
              
3.    
  (        )        
           -       
        
5
2 
4.  
      
      
 ,   
    - 
󽅂      
      ,   
   
       :
1.   
   ,       ,     

    ,    ( )     , 
  
             
 
2.     
  
    (   )     (  
)  
3.     
            
 
         ,  
   
          
4.      

   ,            
             
󷃆󹸊󹸋  
     
,    "  "    ,  
           :
  
 
 
6
2 
    
               ,   
  ,  
        
 
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍 
           ,    
                 
     ,      
    ,          
   ,  
           
  
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹  :
          
   ,       
            
     ,       
       
       -   
 '   ,       
2.      ,      
:    -      
  
        '    -     
 ,    -  
    ,  
-  
,      , ,     ,  
 
      
;       :


 
 
7
2 
       --   
󷆫󷆪 1.  -   (   )
      
          ,   
         ,    ,  
 
: 5  70  
 :      ,  ( 5-10 ),  
     
 :     ,  (70  ),   
   
:  '           400°C   
   :, , , , ,      
 :            ,  
       -  ,    
   
 
󷆡󷆢󷆝󷆞󷆟󷆠󷆣 2.  - -  (   )
     ,       84%       
  ,           
: 2,900 
:   500°C     4,000°C   
:   ,  ,          
    
 :
 :      -  ,     
  -        "" 
  :      
8
2 
:    
      (  ) 
  ,             
!
󷆖󷆗󷆙󷆚󷆛󷆜󷆘 3.   -  
  
          ,       
   ( )      
: 2,200 
:4,000°C  6,000°C  
:    
:
           
 ,    
   
 
         (      
)
 :      ,     
,  
    

󹺁󹺂 4.   -  
 
     :            (   
  !),             
      
:  1,220 
: 6,000°C 
:      
 :       ,    
     
    
:     
      -   
 
 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
     ?

 :           
?
9
2 
      (   )
      
-     
   ,     ,   , 
       
  -          
 
    
󼨐󼨑󼨒       
 ?
  :  ,         
 : ,           
 :       
 
 : ,           
  :          
  
  
󷃆󼽢      







 , 
570 
400°C 

-
  , Mg, Fe
2,900 
500°C - 4,000°C
 

  ,  
2,200 
4,000°C - 6,000°C
 

,  
1,220   
6,000°C 
󼩎󼩏󼩐󼩑󼩒󼩓󼩔  
        , ,       
    '  ,             
 
          
 ,    
 ,         
10
2 
   
      ,  :     ,
               !
-
3.   ?        
:   ?     
    ,         -   
  , 
        
 ,   ?  
 
 -  ,            
                    
    
󺄅󺄆󺄇󺄈   ?
    ( )              - 
                 
            
 , 
      
   ' ,           
              
  ,      
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂     
       ,        :
:    
:       
 :           
  :       
  :      
󷆫󷆪    (   )
11
2 
-    , ,          '
         ,  -  
  
1.  (  )
      
       ,
"A"    
       ,   
   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 :       
󹸯󹸭󹸮  :         
2.  ( )
         󺅕󺅓󺅖󺅗󺅘󺅔       ! 
         ,   
  
  ,       ,      '
 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 :       
 
󹸯󹸭󹸮  :      
3.  ( )
               ,  
         '         
       
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷         
󹸯󹸭󹸮         
4.  
   
                 
              -    
         
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷   '       
12
2 
󼿰󼿱󼿲    
        
5.    (  )
       ,     '      ,
              
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 -       
󹷌󹷍󹷎󹷏󹷒󹷐󹷓󹷑               
6.  
" "    ,  ""        , 
             '     
     ,         
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷         
󹸯󹸭󹸮          
7.  
        ,        
"V"                  
      
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷     
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬          
󷆡󷆢󷆝󷆞󷆟󷆠󷆣  
 ?
  -    :
󷆫󷆪         
󹰼             
󽀩󽀪󽀫           
󹺧󹺨󹺩󹺪󹺫          
󼨐󼨑󼨒    
   ,            
 
    ,         ,    
13
2 
      (),     ( ),    
       (    )      ,
  -       
󷃆󼽢 
:
               
           ,  ,
,  ,  , ,   
                  

      
 -    -  
 ,           !
4.      ?        
:         
                 ,
, ,     (     )       
,  " "    
        
 ,      -   
    
    --  
󼨸󼨹󼨺      ?
     
      - 
         :
1.    
       
  ,        
           -   - 
 -    
         :
14
2 
a.   (  )
   
 ,           
               
    ,    '      
 
:    -  ,     

,     
. -  (   )
 ,               , 
      
       
   
:- ,         
,        
c.   (      )
       '  

,      
        
2.  -     
       ,        
                 ' 

-   -      ,      

:          
3.      
    ,         
    -   ,    ,      
      ,      ,     
 
15
2 
4.       
             ,    
                 
󷆫󷆪      
     
    ,     -
            
 
1.    
                
       
   '     
75%    !
      :



  

       (  ,  , )
       
2. - 
               
 ,      ( )      
( ) -   ,   -    
 '                '
  
3.    
        -         -
  ,       
 
16
2 
    :
  ()

 ()

 (  )
4. -  
          
  
 
             
 
5.   ( )
       
:
 () -    
  () -        
  (  ) -       
󼨐󼨑󼨒 :         
       ,        
     ,  
 ,        
 ,        
            
                 
            
   
   
   ,        -
    -    ,    ,   
      
17
2 
-
5.     ?           
    
:       ,      ,      
   
   ,
        -
 - '      -  -   ,   
 ,
    ' -    
  ,       ?
  ?
    '             ,  
(   ),       (  )     
     
 ,            
    ,    ' -      ,  
  ,     
  ,            (), 
   (, ,  ),     ',  -   
  
  
-         ,       
':
 
 
 
           -   
󷆡󷆢󷆝󷆞󷆟󷆠󷆣 1.   -    
" "    " "   ,        
            
   :
      ,    
18
2 
        '    ,      
 
 
        '   ,      


   :
 ():   -  ;         
:  - - ,           
   ():  '     ;        
:   - ,         
 :
  
    
     (   )   
󷨤󷨪󷨥󷨦󷨧󷨨󷨩 2.   -   
""  ""    ,            
  ,               
    
   :
   (, 
, )      
  ,              
  ,           
   :
:     

:   -     
:            
  

:  -    ,      
:       

: -      
19
2 
 :
   
   
          
󷧤󷧥󷧦󷧧󷧨󷧩 3.   -      
""     :  ()   ()    
    (  )  , ,     
   -    
   :
 ,        
 
  
 ,        
             -    , 
  
   :
  :       

: -   ;       

:  -          
 
:       

:  -    ;      


: -    
 :
    
       
  '  
, 
         
󷆫󷆪      ? ( )
       ,          
 :
             
            
20
2 
            
 
    
           
 
󼨐󼨑󼨒      
  ?
    -  
     :
 (        ),
  (,      ),
   (          ),
   ( ,   , )
󷃆󼽢 
   ,          

        ,     ,   
  ,             
         
     -    '!
   
  ,    -      
, 
      ,      ,     
   
 :


 
/   
,  
,   
  
 ,  ,

, 
  '  

,
,    

21
2 
6.   ?    
: 󷆫󷆪   ?
              ',   
  
     , 
 ,  , 
       -        
       
     '            
, , ,      -     
   ,        '   ,     
   '  
     '        - 
   
󼨻󼨼   
  ?
      ,       
 
        -          
       
  - , , ,    
 
        
  -    ,
         
    
          
   
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀    
     '        :
1.    (        )
2.    
3.    
     -      
󼰧󼰨󼰩󼰪󼰫󼰬󼰭 1.  () 
22
2 
                
     ,            - 
   ,     
󹻂  :
a)    (   )
 ,       ,       ,   
       ,           
        ,        
b)   (-)
              ,   
      ,         - -
                  
 
c) 
       '         ' 

,               
       
d) 
     , ,            
 '  ,  -  
  -        
 
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀 2.  
               ,   ' ,
 ,  ,            
                 -  
                
󹻂  :
a) 
               ,
     ,           
  -   
23
2 
) 
          ,    
            
c) 

               
          ,      
  
) 
 ,      ,         ,  
    
󹸯󹸭󹸮  :        '  ,   
           
󷉃󷉄 3.  
        - , , ,         
󹻂    ?
a)   
              - 
 ,      
 ,       
    
) -    
,               ,
       
 ,        
c)   
             -   
    '  ,         
)   
 , ,              
 ,       
24
2 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 -  
  (): 
   '      
 
  ():            
,     
  :          

󼨐󼨑󼨒 :       
      ,        -    
        ,         ,
  ,  
 ,           
 
          ,        
,     -    
 -     
    ,    
         
    
 
-
7.                

:         
                 ,
                  
         ,        
       
 -     ,     
      
         ,  -  
              -   
,       
25
2 
1. -   -     
     ,   '     ,     
         
,                 
 ,       ,    
        
"V"      -    V-       
:
            
  ( ):
2.  -    
 ,         
  -    ,
        
       
       ,     
 
-   (      )  
  ,  -
        ,     
 
 :
         
 :
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3.    -    
        ,         , 
         ,         ,  
           ,        
 :
      
 :
     '          

4.   -  - 
  ,    V-     ,       
   
   ,    -   
          ,      -
  ,     
       ,
     
5.  -     
   ',   ,             
    
 ,         
  -   
  
         
         
     
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6.    -    
                 
 ,      
  -    '  
                   

    ?
       :
1.   -              

2.  -    (, )     
3.  -              
  
4.  () -              
      ,      -  
  
:     
 ,               :
V-  
   
  
 

 
 - , ,             
                
   
 ,           
     ,        , 
  
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8.       -      
:       -   
       - 
      

 ,     
  ,     
 ' 
  ?
             
󷆫󷆪 -   ?
-          -   , , ,
   -       , ,    
       
  , -            
,
       ?
    -- 
󺠕󺠖󺠗󺠘󺠙󺠚󺠛󺠜󺠝󺠞  : -   
    , ,  ,      , 
              
,   , ,       
  
             ,   
        ,    '   
     -   
     , , ,  
                 
     
      -        
󺫯󺫰󺫹󺫱󺫲󺫳󺫴󺫵󺫶󺫺󺫷󺫻󺫸 1.    
              -  
   :
, ,   -       

      ,    - 
29
2 
    ,  ,      
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 :     , -      
          ,   -,    
   
󷆐󷆑󷆒󷆓󷆔󷆕 2.     
                
-           -     
  ,    
 ,    ,  ,       
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 :       -       -   -
      
󺛴󺛵󺛶󺛷󺛸󺛹󺛺 3.     
       , -    :
 '            
            
    
        
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾    ,           ,
      -    
󷨖󷨗󷨘󷨙󷨚󷨛󷨜󷨝 4.    
  ,       ,        
  ':
-               
   
 
  , -     ,   
        ,     - 
   
30
2 
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  ,          
   -       ,   -   
    
󷧤󷧥󷧦󷧧󷧨󷧩 5.   
           :
  
 


-    ,           :
   
      ,         
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   -         - 
        
󷈓󷈔󷈑󷈕󷈒 6.    
                 

-     :
           
               
  
            
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾     ,           
 ,            
󽄌󽄍󽄎󽄏 7.    
  ,      -     
         :
31
2 

    
    
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  ,   (  )       
  -          
󺬻󺬼󺬽󺠊 8.      
          '   
-    :
      -     

             
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 -     -       
      
󷃆󼽢 
,   - -          
          ,   ,      
 
            ,     -
           
 , 
   :
  
 
 
       
   ,  ,      ,    -
         
"               

       ,         "